Perspectives of Gene Editing for the Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources.

The rapid development of genome editing tools, particularly CRISPR-Cas9 and virus-induced genome editing (VIGE), offers transformative opportunities for the conservation of plant genetic resources. These technologies enable precise modifications that can enhance genetic variation, restore endangered populations, and strengthen resilience against climate change and invasive species. This chapter reviews methodological frameworks, including guide design, delivery systems, regeneration protocols, and verification of off-target effects, as well as ecological and ethical considerations. Case studies are highlighted in both wild and cultivated species: American chestnut, ash, elm, Pacific yew, hemlock, and whitebark pine, alongside crops of global significance such as coffee, cacao, wild apple, and banana. Applications include resistance to blight, borers, Dutch elm disease, woolly adelgid, rust, rots, and endogenous viral elements. Finally, the chapter outlines future directions emphasizing biosafety, ecological validation, and equitable governance, underscoring the potential of CRISPR-based strategies to integrate conservation science with sustainable agricultural practices.