Epigenome Engineering Using dCas Systems for Biomedical Applications and Biotechnology: Current Achievements, Opportunities and Challenges.

Epigenome engineering, particularly utilizing CRISPR/dCas-based systems, is a powerful strategy to modulate gene expression and genome functioning without altering the DNA sequence. In this review we summarized current achievements and prospects in dCas-mediated epigenome editing, primarily focusing on its applications in biomedicine, but also providing a wider context for its applications in biotechnology. The diversity of CRISPR/dCas architectures is outlined, recent innovations in the design of epigenetic editors and delivery methods are highlighted, and the therapeutic potential across a wide range of diseases, including hereditary, neurodegenerative, and metabolic disorders, is examined. Opportunities for the application of dCas-based tools in animal, agricultural, and industrial biotechnology are also discussed. Despite substantial progress, challenges, such as delivery efficiency, specificity, stability of induced epigenetic modifications, and clinical translation, are emphasized. Future directions aimed at enhancing the efficacy, safety, and practical applicability of epigenome engineering technologies are proposed.