Summitting CRISPR for Human Heritable Genome Editing.

The ethical issues of human heritable genome editing have been discussed at international summits held since 2015. In this Perspective, I consider how the discussions evolved over three summits held in Washington, DC (2015), Hong Kong (2018), and London (2023). The significance of safety and efficacy, meanings of a moratorium, and place of broad societal consensus are traced through publications produced surrounding these summits. Looking ahead, I highlight the difference between two fundamentally distinct ethical questions: Is human heritable genome editing ethical? Can human heritable genome editing be done ethically?