Implementation of RAGATH RNA-associated DNA Endonucleases as Genome Editing Tool in Escherichia coli.

The preferred method for Escherichia coli genome editing relies on Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) and λ-Red recombinase. Although SpCas9 is currently the most active RNA-guided DNA endonuclease, a significant number of escapers are often observed, making it inefficient across different sites, particularly when inserting large fragments. In this study, we identified two RAGATH RNA-associated DNA endonucleases (RADs) derived from IS607 transposons. Both of them exhibited high cleavage activity in E. coli. When combined with λ-Red recombinase, they achieved editing efficiencies approaching 100%. Even at target sites where SpCas9 exhibited low editing efficiency, RADs maintained efficiencies ranging from 57% to 94%. Moreover, RADs exhibited higher efficiencies in inserting large fragments in certain cases compared to SpCas9. Taken together, these RAD-based genome editing tools provide viable alternatives to SpCas9, particularly for challenging targets and/or large fragment insertions.