Targeted insertion of heterogenous DNA using Cas9-gRNA ribonucleoprotein-mediated gene editing in Ganoderma lucidum.

Gene editing is emerging as a powerful tool for introducing novel functionalities in mushrooms. While CRISPR/Cas9-induced double-strand breaks (DSBs) typically rely on non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) for gene disruption, precise insertion of heterologous DNA in mushrooms is less explored. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of inserting donor DNAs (8-1008 bp) with or without homologous arms at Cas9-gRNA RNP-induced DSBs. Co-transformation of donor DNAs with RNP targeting the pyrG gene in Ganoderma lucidum yielded 184 transformants without homologous arms and 781 with 300-bp homologous arms (HR_donor DNAs). Restriction analysis and sequencing identified 122 hR_donor DNA transformants with complete donor DNA sequences, achieving 15.6% HDR efficiency (122/781), contrasting with 8 instances via NHEJ from the 184 transformants. These findings highlight the viability of HDR for precise genomic editing in mushrooms, enabling targeted modifications to enhance functionalities.