Active Delivery of CRISPR System Using Targetable or Controllable Nanocarriers.

Among programmable nuclease-based genome editing tools, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system with accuracy and the convenient operation is most promising to be applied in gene therapy. The development of effective delivery carriers for the CRISPR system is the major premise to achieve practical applications. Although many nanocarrier-mediated deliveries have been reported to be safer and cheaper over the physical and viral delivery, the accumulation at disease sites or controllability with the spatial or temporal resolution are still desired on nanocarriers to reduce side effects and off-target from the CRISPR system. Therefore, the targetable and controllable nanocarriers to actively deliver the CRISPR system are summarized. The cell or even organ selective nanocarriers are introduced first, followed by the discussion of nanocarriers controlled by biochemical or physical signals. At last, the potential challenges faced by existing nanocarriers are discussed.