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CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein-mediated knockin generation in hTERT-RPE1 cells.
hTERT-RPE1 cells are genetically stable near diploid cells widely used to model cell division, DNA repair, or ciliogenesis in a non-transformed context. However, poor transfectability and limited homology-directed repair capacity hamper their amenability to gene editing. Here, we describe a protocol for rapid and efficient generation of diverse homozygous knockins. In contrast to other approaches, this strategy bypasses the need for molecular cloning. Our approach can also be applied to a variety of cell types including cancer and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Like CRISPR, mystery gene editor began as a virus fighter.
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Genome editing: progress and challenges for medical applications.
The development of the CRISPR-Cas platform for genome editing has greatly simplified the process of making targeted genetic modifications. Applications of genome editing are expected to have a substantial impact on human therapies through the development of better animal models, new target discovery, and direct therapeutic intervention.
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Treatment strategies for HIV infection with emphasis on role of CRISPR/Cas9 gene: Success so far and road ahead.
Advances in biotechnology have led to improving human health with number of novel approaches to mitigate life-threatening diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. In the case of HIV, the damage caused by the retrovirus to the immune system leads to opportunistic infection as well as an elevated risk of autoimmune disease and cancer. Furthermore, clinical symptoms associated with the virus itself may arise. Antiretroviral drug therapy using reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitor, chemokine receptor 5 antagonist and integrase strand transfer inhibitors have shown promising results in treating HIV infection and available in market in the form of various dosage forms. However, they are unable to completely cure the disease because of complexity in pathogenesis of HIV. In addition, these drugs have some limitations of poor solubility, permeability or, poor receptor binding capacity. To overcome these drawbacks, many novel drug delivery systems for the drugs belonging to above mentioned categories have been developed. The possibility of treating HIV infection using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing has been found in 2015. This provided a new area of research to the scientists who are working towards alternative treatment strategies for HIV infections. The present article describes about various treatment strategies used to treat HIV infections with special emphasis on the role of CRISPR/Cas9 gene-based technology. The potential benefits of specific epigenetic modification in the c-c chemokine receptor 5 gene (CCR5) via various delivery methods are also highlighted.
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CRISPRoff enables spatio-temporal control of CRISPR editing.
Following introduction of CRISPR-Cas9 components into a cell, genome editing occurs unabated until degradation of its component nucleic acids and proteins by cellular processes. This uncontrolled reaction can lead to unintended consequences including off-target editing and chromosomal translocations. To address this, we develop a method for light-induced degradation of sgRNA termed CRISPRoff. Here we show that light-induced inactivation of ribonucleoprotein attenuates genome editing within cells and allows for titratable levels of editing efficiency and spatial patterning via selective illumination.
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Efficient CRISPR-Cas9 delivery and transgene-free multiplex genome editing in plants using cymbidium mosaic virus-derived vectors.
Virus-induced genome editing (VIGE) has become a useful method by enabling transient delivery of gene-editing reagents; however, many viral systems face limitations in cargo size, host range, or reliance on transgenic Cas9-expressing plants. In this study, we developed a cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV)-based VIGE platform that enables simultaneous expression of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) and one or more guide RNAs (gRNAs) from a single viral RNA. In Nicotiana benthamiana, this system induced editing in the Phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene, with indel rates exceeding 50% within 6 days after inoculation, outperforming traditional delivery methods by about fivefold. Notably, over 80% of regenerated plants contained targeted mutations, and 82% of these were both transgene- and virus-free, including tetra-allelic knockouts directly in the M0 generation. Adding a Ruby-based visual counterselection marker enabled rapid, reliable identification of transgene-free, edited plants without antibiotic selection. When adapted to Phalaenopsis aphrodite orchids, the platform efficiently edited the PaPDS gene, achieving a 47% indel frequency at 20 days post-inoculation, with visible bleaching in leaf tissue from inoculated protocorm-like bodies. Additionally, expressing multiple gRNAs from a single CymMV replicon enabled multiplex editing in orchid tissues, demonstrating the system's versatility for complex, polyploid crops. Our findings broaden the use of VIGE in orchids and provide a reliable framework for precision plant breeding.
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Multiplex precision gene editing by a surrogate prime editor in rice.
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[CRISPR-CAS9 in medicine, the saga continues].
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CRISPR/Cas advancements for genome editing, diagnosis, therapeutics, and vaccine development for Plasmodium parasites, and genetic engineering of Anopheles mosquito vector.
Malaria as vector-borne disease remains important health concern with over 200 million cases globally. Novel antimalarial medicines and more effective vaccines must be developed to eliminate and eradicate malaria. Appraisal of preceding genome editing approaches confirmed the CRISPR/Cas nuclease system as a novel proficient genome editing system and a tool for species-specific diagnosis, and drug resistance researches for Plasmodium species, and gene drive to control Anopheles population. CRISPR/Cas technology, as a handy tool for genome editing can be justified for the production of transgenic malaria parasites like Plasmodium transgenic lines expressing Cas9, chimeric Plasmodium transgenic lines, knockdown and knockout transgenic parasites, and transgenic parasites expressing alternative alleles, and also mutant strains of Anopheles such as only male mosquito populations, generation of wingless mosquitoes, and creation of knock-out/ knock-in mutants. Though, the incorporation of traditional methods and novel molecular techniques could noticeably enhance the quality of results. The striking development of a CRISPR/Cas-based diagnostic kit that can specifically diagnose the Plasmodium species or drug resistance markers is highly required in malaria settings with affordable cost and high-speed detection. Furthermore, the advancement of genome modifications by CRISPR/Cas technologies resolves contemporary restrictions to culturing, maintaining, and analyzing these parasites, and the aptitude to investigate parasite genome functions opens up new vistas in the better understanding of pathogenesis.
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A CRISPR/Cas9 guidance RNA screen platform for HIV provirus disruption and HIV/AIDS gene therapy in astrocytes.
HIV/AIDS remains a major health threat despite significant advances in the prevention and treatment of HIV infection. The major reason is the inability of existing treatments to eradicate the multiple HIV reservoirs in the human body, including astrocytes in the human brain. CRISPR/Cas9 system is an emerging gene-editing technique with the potential to eliminate or disrupt HIV provirus in HIV reservoir cells, which may lead to a complete cure of HIV/AIDS. The key components of CRISPR/Cas9 are guide RNAs (gRNAs) which determine specific sequence targeting of DNAs. This study established a novel, simple and quick screening method to identify gRNA candidates for targeting HIV provirus in astrocytes. Briefly, stable astrocytes clones with an integrated fluorescent HIV reporter and Cas9 expression gene were generated. Various gRNAs were screened for their efficiencies against HIV provirus in these cells. Moreover, these gRNAs and Cas9 protein were successfully tested on HIV latent astrocytes without Cas9 expression to mimic clinical conditions. HIV provirus gene-editing were confirmed by cell genomic DNA PCR and fluorescent marker expression analysis. In the future, the established transgenic cells can be used for other gene-editing studies and is well-suited for high-throughput screen application.
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