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Strategies for CRISPR-based knock-ins in primary human B cells and lymphoma cell lines.
Since its advent about ten years ago, the CRISPR-Cas9 system has been frequently used in biomedical applications. It has advanced various fields, and CRISPR-Cas9-based therapeutics have shown promising results in the treatment of specific hematological diseases. Furthermore, CRISPR gene editing technologies have revolutionized cancer research by enabling a broad range of genetic perturbations, including genetic knockouts and precise single nucleotide changes. This perspective focuses on the state-of-the-art methodology of CRISPR knock-ins to engineer immune cells. Since this technique relies on homology-directed repair (HDR) of double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced by the Cas9 enzyme, it can be used to introduce specific mutations into the target genome. Therefore, this methodology offers a valuable opportunity to functionally study specific mutations and to uncover their impacts not only on overall cell functions but also on the mechanisms behind cancer-related alterations in common signaling pathways. This article highlights CRISPR knock-in strategies, protocols, and applications in cancer and immune research, with a focus on diffuse large B cell lymphoma.
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An Overview of CRISPR-Based Tools and Their Improvements: New Opportunities in Understanding Plant-Pathogen Interactions for Better Crop Protection.
Modern omics platforms have made the determination of susceptible/resistance genes feasible in any species generating huge numbers of potential targets for crop protection. However, the efforts to validate these targets have been hampered by the lack of a fast, precise, and efficient gene targeting system in plants. Now, the repurposing of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system has solved this problem. CRISPR/Cas9 is the latest synthetic endonuclease that has revolutionized basic research by allowing facile genome editing in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Gene knockout is now feasible at an unprecedented efficiency with the possibility of multiplexing several targets and even genome-wide mutagenesis screening. In a short time, this powerful tool has been engineered for an array of applications beyond gene editing. Here, we briefly describe the CRISPR/Cas9 system, its recent improvements and applications in gene manipulation and single DNA/RNA molecule analysis. We summarize a few recent tests targeting plant pathogens and discuss further potential applications in pest control and plant-pathogen interactions that will inform plant breeding for crop protection.
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Introduction to Gene Editing and Manipulation Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology.
Until very recently, the prospect of introducing mutations or exogenous DNA sequences at precise locations in the genomes of plants and animals was difficult, if not impossible. This rapidly changed with the demonstration that the type II CRISPR-Cas complex, a bacterial anti-viral surveillance system, could be engineered into a simple and robust platform for introducing double-stranded DNA breaks at nearly any position of plant and animal genomes. The prospect of efficiently creating tailored changes to a gene of interest is revolutionizing biomedical research, allowing exciting new questions to be asked. This overview introduces CRISPR-Cas technology as a tool for molecular biology and briefly discusses the advantages of this method over earlier techniques, as well as unique opportunities to create new avenues of research. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Construction of CRISPR/Cas9 Multiplex Genome Editing System in Rice.
Multiplex genome editing (MGE) technologies constitute essential tools for rapid genome modification of multiple targets in one gene or multiple genes simultaneously. However, the vector construction process is complicated, and the number of mutation targets is constrained using the conventional binary vectors. Here, we describe a simple CRISPR/Cas9 MGE system based on classical isocaudomer technique in rice, which is comprised of only two simple vectors, and can theoretically be used to edit an unlimited number of genes simultaneously.
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CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing to Make Conditional Mutants of Human Malaria Parasite P. falciparum.
Malaria is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This disease, which primarily affects those living in tropical and subtropical regions, is caused by infection with Plasmodium parasites. The development of more effective drugs to combat malaria can be accelerated by improving our understanding of the biology of this complex parasite. Genetic manipulation of these parasites is key to understanding their biology; however, historically the genome of P. falciparum has been difficult to manipulate. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has been utilized in malaria parasites, allowing for easier protein tagging, generation of conditional protein knockdowns, and deletion of genes. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has proven to be a powerful tool for advancing the field of malaria research. Here, we describe a CRISPR/Cas9 method for generating glmS-based conditional knockdown mutants in P. falciparum. This method is highly adaptable to other types of genetic manipulations, including protein tagging and gene knockouts.
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Improving the Efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Non-Homologous End Joining Gene Knockout Using Small Molecules in Porcine Cells.
The CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system has emerged as an effective platform to generate loss-of-function gene edits through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) without a repair template. To verify whether small molecules can enhance the efficiency of CRISPR/ Cas9-mediated NHEJ gene editing in porcine cells, this experiment investigated the effects of six small-molecule compounds, namely Repsox, Zidovudine, IOX1, GSK-J4, YU238259, and GW843682X, on the efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated NHEJ gene editing. The results showed the optimal concentrations of the small molecules, including Repsox, Zidovudine, IOX1, GSK-J4, YU238259, and GW843682X, for in vitro-cultured PK15 viability. Compared with the control group, the single small molecules Repsox, Zidovudine, GSK-J4, and IOX1 increased the efficiency of NHEJ-mediated gene editing 3.16-fold, 1.17-fold, 1.16-fold, and 1.120-fold, respectively, in the Cas9-sgRNA RNP delivery system. There were no benefits when using YU238259 and GW843682X compared with the control group. In the CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid delivery system, the Repsox, Zidovudine, IOX1, and GSK-J4 treatments increased the efficiency of NHEJ-mediated gene editing 1.47-fold, 1.15-fold, 1.21-fold, and 1.23-fold, respectively, compared with the control group. Repsox can also improve the efficiency of NHEJ-mediated multi-gene editing based on a CRISPR sgRNA-tRNA array. We also explored the mechanism of Repsox's effect on the efficiency of NHEJ-mediated gene editing. The results showed that Repsox reduces the expression levels of SMAD2, SMAD3, and SMAD4 in the TGF-β pathway, indicating that Repsox can increase the efficiency of CRISPR NHEJ-mediated gene editing in porcine cells through the TGF-β pathway.
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CRISPR-Mediated Integration of Large Gene Cassettes Using AAV Donor Vectors.
The CRISPR/Cas9 system has recently been shown to facilitate high levels of precise genome editing using adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors to serve as donor template DNA during homologous recombination (HR). However, the maximum AAV packaging capacity of ∼4.5 kb limits the donor size. Here, we overcome this constraint by showing that two co-transduced AAV vectors can serve as donors during consecutive HR events for the integration of large transgenes. Importantly, the method involves a single-step procedure applicable to primary cells with relevance to therapeutic genome editing. We use the methodology in primary human T cells and CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells to site-specifically integrate an expression cassette that, as a single donor vector, would otherwise amount to a total of 6.5 kb. This approach now provides an efficient way to integrate large transgene cassettes into the genomes of primary human cells using HR-mediated genome editing with AAV vectors.
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Rapid Generation of Human Genetic Loss-of-Function iPSC Lines by Simultaneous Reprogramming and Gene Editing.
Specifically ablating genes in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) allows for studies of gene function as well as disease mechanisms in disorders caused by loss-of-function (LOF) mutations. While techniques exist for engineering such lines, we have developed and rigorously validated a method of simultaneous iPSC reprogramming while generating CRISPR/Cas9-dependent insertions/deletions (indels). This approach allows for the efficient and rapid formation of genetic LOF human disease cell models with isogenic controls. The rate of mutagenized lines was strikingly consistent across experiments targeting four different human epileptic encephalopathy genes and a metabolic enzyme-encoding gene, and was more efficient and consistent than using CRISPR gene editing of established iPSC lines. The ability of our streamlined method to reproducibly generate heterozygous and homozygous LOF iPSC lines with passage-matched isogenic controls in a single step provides for the rapid development of LOF disease models with ideal control lines, even in the absence of patient tissue.
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Editing nature: Local roots of global governance.
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CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing of 14 lipid metabolic genes reveals a sporopollenin metabolon ZmPKSB-ZmTKPR1-1/-2 required for pollen exine formation in maize.
Lipid biosynthesis and transport are essential for plant male reproduction. Compared with Arabidopsis and rice, relatively fewer maize lipid metabolic genic male-sterility (GMS) genes have been identified, and the sporopollenin metabolon in maize anther remains unknown. Here, we identified two maize GMS genes, ZmTKPR1-1 and ZmTKPR1-2, by CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis of 14 lipid metabolic genes with anther stage-specific expression patterns. Among them, tkpr1-1/-2 double mutants displayed complete male sterility with delayed tapetum degradation and abortive pollen. ZmTKPR1-1 and ZmTKPR1-2 encode tetraketide α-pyrone reductases and have catalytic activities in reducing tetraketide α-pyrone produced by ZmPKSB (polyketide synthase B). Several conserved catalytic sites (S128/130, Y164/166 and K168/170 in ZmTKPR1-1/-2) are essential for their enzymatic activities. Both ZmTKPR1-1 and ZmTKPR1-2 are directly activated by ZmMYB84, and their encoded proteins are localized in both the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclei. Based on protein structure prediction, molecular docking, site-directed mutagenesis and biochemical assays, the sporopollenin biosynthetic metabolon ZmPKSB-ZmTKPR1-1/-2 was identified to control pollen exine formation in maize anther. Although ZmTKPR1-1/-2 and ZmPKSB formed a protein complex, their mutants showed different, even opposite, defective phenotypes of anther cuticle and pollen exine. Our findings discover new maize GMS genes that can contribute to male-sterility line-assisted maize breeding and also provide new insights into the metabolon-regulated sporopollenin biosynthesis in maize anther.
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