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The usefulness of microbiome profiling for geriatric patients with neuropsychiatric conditions: a scoping review.
INTRODUCTION: Neuropsychiatric disorders encompass psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. These conditions are particularly challenging to diagnose in the elderly due to their overlapping cognitive, affective, and behavioural symptoms. Recent studies indicate microbiota imbalances exist in both psychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions, suggesting potential biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. The objective of this scoping review is to provide a comprehensive overview of how microbiome profiling has been used in research to develop diagnostic and prognostic models for elderly patients with neuropsychiatric conditions. METHODS: Following JBI guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted across four electronic databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, EMBASE) with strategies developed alongside academic librarians. Two independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full texts based on pre-specified inclusion criteria. Data was extracted focusing on participants, study methods, and key findings. RESULTS: Thirty-one studies employing microbiome-based predictive models were identified, primarily targeting Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, with limited research on psychiatric conditions which was only found for depression and schizophrenia. Most studies used 16S rRNA gene sequencing and machine learning models. Findings highlight the potential of gut microbiota data to enhance predictions of neuropsychiatric conditions, though limitations included small, non-diverse cohorts and a lack of methodological standardisation. The review highlights the need for larger, longitudinal, multicentere studies to validate models and improve clinical applicability. DISCUSSION: Microbiome-based predictive models for neuropsychiatric conditions in the elderly show promise. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies and expanding profiling methods to validate findings in larger, diverse cohorts.
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Effects of Gut Microbiota Alterations on Motor, Gastrointestinal, and Behavioral Phenotype in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease.
BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multi-system disorder consisting of not only classic motor symptoms but also a variety of non-motor symptoms including gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction and mood disorders. The gut microbiota has been suggested to play a role in modulating PD motor and non-motor features, although the causality and mechanisms behind these proposed interactions remains largely understudied. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to provide in-depth characterization of an established mouse model of PD (transgenic (TG) SNCA A53T) and experimentally address how changes to the gut microbiota impact the PD-like phenotype. METHODS: We profiled the PD-like phenotype of transgenic mice through a panel of motor, GI, and behavioral tests. We then investigated how antibiotic treatment or gut microbial community transfer (via cohousing with wild-type mice) impacted the PD-like phenotype. RESULTS: We found that this mouse model demonstrated early (6 weeks of age) motor symptoms when compared to a wild-type control mouse strain. Transgenic mice also exhibited early GI dysfunction, as well as behavioral alterations, including reduced anxiety-like behavior, and increased depression-like and apathy-like behavior. Compared to wild-type mice, the transgenic fecal microbiota was less diverse and compositionally distinct. Interestingly, drastic alterations to the gut microbiota, through antibiotic treatment or cohousing with wild-type mice, had a minimal effect on the motor, GI, and behavioral phenotype of transgenic mice. CONCLUSION: We concluded that this mouse model effectively recapitulates motor and non-motor features of PD; however, the gut microbiota appears to exhibit a minor impact on the pathophysiology of this PD model.
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ASMT determines gut microbiota and increases neurobehavioral adaptability to exercise in female mice.
N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT) is responsible for melatonin biosynthesis. The Asmt gene is located on the X chromosome, and its genetic polymorphism is associated with depression in humans. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we use CRISPR/Cas9 to delete 20 bp of exon 2 of Asmt, and construct C57BL/6J mouse strain with Asmt frameshift mutation (Asmtft/ft). We show that female Asmtft/ft mice exhibit anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, accompanied by an obvious structural remodeling of gut microbiota. These behavioral abnormalities are not observed in male. Moreover, female Asmtft/ft mice show a lower neurobehavioral adaptability to exercise, while wild-type shows a "higher resilience". Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis indicates that the structure of gut microbiota in Asmtft/ft mice is less affected by exercise. These results suggests that Asmt maintains the plasticity of gut microbiota in female, thereby enhancing the neurobehavioral adaptability to exercise.
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All in my head or all in my gut? An update on irritable bowel syndrome.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has a considerable impact on patients and healthcare systems. IBS is a disorder of brain-gut interaction with numerous biopsychosocial factors involved, including early life experiences, previous gastrointestinal infections, and coexisting mood disorders. An understanding of the role of the gut-brain axis in symptom generation is vital to enable delivery of holistic care. RECENT FINDINGS: We explore psychological mechanisms, such as coexisting anxiety and depression, adverse life experiences, and somatisation and how these impact symptom severity. There is evidence for psychological therapies, such as cognitive behavioural therapy or gut-directed hypnotherapy, in IBS. We go on to summarise gut-based mechanisms, such as abnormal motility, visceral hypersensitivity, inflammation, and dysbiosis. Efficacious treatments targeting these include antidiarrhoeals, laxatives, antispasmodics, drugs acting on ion channels or serotonin, gut-brain neuromodulators, and treatments targeting the microbiota or inflammation. Finally, we consider emerging evidence from models describing distinct IBS phenotypes and their potential to facilitate a more integrated approach to identify best treatment options. SUMMARY: For many patients with IBS, both brain and gut mechanisms must be considered within the context of the biopsychosocial model to enable effective delivery of holistic and personalised care.
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Effects of gut microbiota disturbance induced in early life on the expression of extrasynaptic GABA-A receptor α5 and δ subunits in the hippocampus of adult rats.
Previous studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota disturbance significantly increases the risk of emotional disorders via the gut-brain axis, but the mechanism is unclear. Furthermore, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) deficits were reported to be implicated in the development of depression and amnesia, but the alterations in the GABA-A receptor subunits that are involved in the pathogenetic process have not been fully elucidated. This study used juvenile rats that were fed ampicillin-Na to establish degree III dysbiosis of the intestinal flora and examined emotional change via the tail suspension test, forced swim test and Morris water maze. Additionally, our study investigated the expression of GABA-A receptor α5 and δ subunits in the hippocampus in adulthood via q-PCR and immunohistochemistry. We focused on the role of GABA-A receptor α5 and δ subunit changes induced by juvenile gut microbiota disturbance in the pathogenesis of emotional disorders in adulthood. In addition, we investigated the protective effects of probiotics and benzodiazepine (clonazepam). Findings showed that juvenile gut microbiota disturbances induced chronic depression and memory loss and reduced the expression of GABA-A receptor α5 and δ subunits in the hippocampus of the adult rat. Furthermore, moderate probiotic administration led to a significant improvement compared to short-term BZ treatment. However, we are aware that these results have been established with a single animal experiment and will require further confirmation with a larger group of individuals. Future directions for the exploration of the effects of gut microbiota disturbance on GABA-A receptor α5 and δ subunits are discussed.
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Perturbations in the microbiota-gut-brain axis shaped by social status loss.
Social status is closely linked to physiological and psychological states. Loss of social dominance can lead to brain disorders such as depression, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The gut microbiota can sense stress and contribute to brain disorders via the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA). Here, using a forced loss paradigm to demote dominant mice to subordinate ranks, we find that stress alters the composition and function of the gut microbiota, increasing Muribaculaceae abundance and enhancing butanoate metabolism, and gut microbial depletion resists forced loss-induced hierarchical demotion and behavioral alteration. Single-nucleus transcriptomic analysis of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) indicates that social status loss primarily affected interneurons, altering GABAergic synaptic transmission. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) reveals modules linked to forced loss in the gut microbiota, colon, PFC, and PFC interneurons, suggesting changes in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and the glutamatergic synapse. Our findings provide evidence for MGBA perturbations induced by social status loss, offering potential intervention targets for related brain disorders.
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Insights on the Critical Parameters Affecting the Probiotic Viability During Stabilization Process and Formulation Development.
Probiotics have gained a lot of interest in recent years as an alternative as well as adjuvant therapy for several conditions owing to their health benefits. These live microorganisms have proven efficacy for treating gut disorders, inflammation, bacterial vaginosis, hepatic and depressive disorders, and many more. There are conventional as well as non-conventional formulations available for the delivery of probiotics with the latter having fewer regulatory guidelines. The conventional formulations include the pharmaceutical formulations specifically designed to deliver an efficacious number of viable microorganisms. Studies have indicated 108-109 CFU/g as an ideal dose of probiotics for achieving health benefits, and hence, all the formulations must at least contain the said number of viable bacteria to show a therapeutic effect. The most crucial feature of probiotic formulations is that the bacteria are prone to several environmental and processing factors which all together reduce the viability of the bacteria in the final formulation. These factors include processing parameters like temperature, humidity, pressure, and storage conditions. Thus, the present review primarily focuses on the critical process parameters affecting the probiotic viability during stabilization process and formulation development. Understanding these factors prior to processing helps in delivering probiotics in the required therapeutic numbers at the target site.
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Neural regulation of gut inflammation via autonomic nerves: therapeutic implications for inflammatory bowel disease.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a debilitating and treatment-refractory condition with a complex and incompletely understood etiology. Recent advances in neuroimmunology have revealed that intestinal homeostasis is regulated by bidirectional communication between the autonomic nervous system and the immune system. In particular, vagus nerve-mediated cholinergic anti-inflammatory signaling plays a central role in modulating intestinal immune responses and represents a key mechanism linking neural regulation to IBD pathogenesis and therapy. In parallel, the gut-brain axis has emerged as a critical regulator of intestinal inflammation and systemic disease. Psychological stress alters gut immune function through mechanisms involving enteric glial activation and microbiota-derived metabolites, contributing to treatment-resistant depression via immune activation and changes in short-chain fatty acid profiles. Moreover, gut microbiota dysbiosis has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, potentially preceding central pathology through vagal signaling and systemic inflammation. Together, these findings position the gut microbiota as an immunological and neurological hub connecting intestinal, systemic, and brain health. This review summarizes recent advances in gut-brain axis-mediated immune regulation in IBD and highlights emerging bioelectronic neuromodulation strategies targeting autonomic circuits as promising non-pharmacological approaches to restore gut immune balance.
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Cognition and gut microbiota in schizophrenia spectrum and mood disorders: A systematic review.
FRILEUX, M., BOLTRI M. and al. Cognition and Gut microbiota in schizophrenia spectrum and mood disorders: a Systematic Review. NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REV (1) 2024 Schizophrenia spectrum disorders and major mood disorders are associated with cognitive impairments. Recent studies suggest a link between gut microbiota composition and cognitive functioning. Here, we review the relationship between gut microbiota and cognition in these disorders. To do this, we conducted a systematic review, searching Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EBSCOhost, Embase, Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies were included if they investigated the relationship between gut microbiota composition and cognitive function through neuropsychological assessments in patients with bipolar, depressive, schizophrenia spectrum, and other psychotic disorders. Ten studies were identified. Findings underscore a link between gut dysbiosis and cognitive impairment. This relationship identified specific taxa (Haemophilus, Bacteroides, and Alistipes) as potential contributors to bolstered cognitive performance. Conversely, Candida albicans, Toxoplasma gondii, Streptococcus and Deinococcus were associated with diminished performance on cognitive assessments. Prebiotics and probiotics interventions were associated with cognitive enhancements, particularly executive functions. These results emphasize the role of gut microbiota in cognition, prompting further exploration of the underlying mechanisms paving the way toward precision psychiatry.
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Blood metabolomic profiling reveals new targets in the management of psychological symptoms associated with severe alcohol use disorder.
BACKGROUND: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a global health problem with limited therapeutic options. The biochemical mechanisms that lead to this disorder are not yet fully understood, and in this respect, metabolomics represents a promising approach to decipher metabolic events related to AUD. The plasma metabolome contains a plethora of bioactive molecules that reflects the functional changes in host metabolism but also the impact of the gut microbiome and nutritional habits. METHODS: In this study, we investigated the impact of severe AUD (sAUD), and of a 3-week period of alcohol abstinence, on the blood metabolome (non-targeted LC-MS metabolomics analysis) in 96 sAUD patients hospitalized for alcohol withdrawal. RESULTS: We found that the plasma levels of different lipids ((lyso)phosphatidylcholines, long-chain fatty acids), short-chain fatty acids (i.e. 3-hydroxyvaleric acid) and bile acids were altered in sAUD patients. In addition, several microbial metabolites, including indole-3-propionic acid, p-cresol sulfate, hippuric acid, pyrocatechol sulfate, and metabolites belonging to xanthine class (paraxanthine, theobromine and theophylline) were sensitive to alcohol exposure and alcohol withdrawal. 3-Hydroxyvaleric acid, caffeine metabolites (theobromine, paraxanthine, and theophylline) and microbial metabolites (hippuric acid and pyrocatechol sulfate) were correlated with anxiety, depression and alcohol craving. Metabolomics analysis in postmortem samples of frontal cortex and cerebrospinal fluid of those consuming a high level of alcohol revealed that those metabolites can be found also in brain tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Our data allow the identification of neuroactive metabolites, from interactions between food components and microbiota, which may represent new targets arising in the management of neuropsychiatric diseases such as sAUD. FUNDING: Gut2Behave project was initiated from ERA-NET NEURON network (Joint Transnational Call 2019) and was financed by Academy of Finland, French National Research Agency (ANR-19-NEUR-0003-03) and the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-FNRS; PINT-MULTI R.8013.19, Belgium). Metabolomics analysis of the TSDS samples was supported by grant from the Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies.