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Effects of intravenous lipopolysaccharide administration on physiological and ruminal responses that modulate feed intake in beef cattle.
This experiment evaluated feed intake, physiological reactions, and ruminal parameters in beef cattle receiving or not receiving a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Ten ruminally-cannulated Angus steers [590 ± 16 kg of body weight (BW)] were housed in individual pens on day -7, ranked by BW, and allocated to 1 of 2 treatments administered intravenously on day 0: 1) 0.5 μg/kg of BW of bacterial LPS (Escherichia coli 0111:B4) diluted in 5 mL of 0.9% sterile saline, or 2) 5 mL of 0.9% physiological saline (CON). Steers had free-choice access to wheat hay, water, and a commercial vitamin + mineral mix (days -7 to 7). Hay dry matter intake (DMI) was evaluated daily from days -5 to 7. Prior to treatment administration on day 0 (hour 0), polyester bags containing 4 g of ground dietary hay (DM basis) were immersed into the rumen of each steer, and incubated for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h for dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability evaluation. Steers were also intra-ruminally pulse-dosed with 5 g of Co-EDTA and with Cr-EDTA (0.1 g/kg of BW) prior to treatment administration. Rumen fluid samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, and 48 h, and blood samples were collected at -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 96, 120, and 144 h relative treatment administration. Values obtained before treatment administration were used as covariates within each respective analysis. Steers receiving LPS had less (P ≤ 0.05) hay DMI on days 0 and 1, less (P < 0.01) rumen liquid volume and dilution rate, and less (P < 0.01) ruminal effective degradability of DM and NDF compared with CON. Steers receiving LPS had greater (P ≤ 0.05) plasma haptoglobin concentration from 18 to 144 h, greater (P ≤ 0.04) plasma cortisol concentration from 2 to 12 h, and less (P ≤ 0.04) total plasma Cr concentration from 2 to 18 h compared with CON. Steers receiving LPS had less (P ≤ 0.03) mean concentrations of acetate, butyrate, valerate, and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen fluid compared with CON. Steers receiving LPS had less (P ≤ 0.05) mean total bacterial load in the ruminal fluid, and less mean prevalence of the phyla Spirochaetes and Fibrobacteres and the genera Treponema compared with CON. Results from this experiment suggest that LPS administration elicited host-microbiome endocrine interactions that impaired feed degradability and VFA production in the rumen, particularly a reduction in total bacterial load, which may have contributed to a 48-h decrease in hay DMI.
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The Role of the Oral Microbiota Related to Periodontal Diseases in Anxiety, Mood and Trauma- and Stress-Related Disorders.
The prevalence of anxiety, mood and trauma- and stress-related disorders are on the rise; however, efforts to develop new and effective treatment strategies have had limited success. To identify novel therapeutic targets, a comprehensive understanding of the disease etiology is needed, especially in the context of the holobiont, i.e., the superorganism consisting of a human and its microbiotas. Much emphasis has been placed on the role of the gut microbiota in the development, exacerbation, and persistence of psychiatric disorders; however, data for the oral microbiota are limited. The oral cavity houses the second most diverse microbial community in the body, with over 700 bacterial species that colonize the soft and hard tissues. Periodontal diseases encompass a group of infectious and inflammatory diseases that affect the periodontium. Among them, periodontitis is defined as a chronic, multi-bacterial infection that elicits low-grade systemic inflammation via the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as local invasion and long-distance translocation of periodontal pathogens. Periodontitis can also induce or exacerbate other chronic systemic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis and diabetes and can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Recently, periodontal pathogens have been implicated in the etiology and pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders (such as depression and schizophrenia), especially as dysregulation of the immune system also plays an integral role in the etiology and pathophysiology of these disorders. This review will discuss the role of the oral microbiota associated with periodontal diseases in anxiety, mood and trauma- and stress-related disorders. Epidemiological data of periodontal diseases in individuals with these disorders will be presented, followed by a discussion of the microbiological and immunological links between the oral microbiota and the central nervous system. Pre-clinical and clinical findings on the oral microbiota related to periodontal diseases in anxiety, mood and trauma- and stress-related phenotypes will be reviewed, followed by a discussion on the bi-directionality of the oral-brain axis. Lastly, we will focus on the oral microbiota associated with periodontal diseases as a target for future therapeutic interventions to alleviate symptoms of these debilitating psychiatric disorders.
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Functional brain rewiring and altered cortical stability in ulcerative colitis.
Despite recent advances, there is still a major need to better understand the interactions between brain function and chronic gut inflammation and its clinical implications. Alterations in executive function have previously been identified in several chronic inflammatory conditions, including inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflammation-associated brain alterations can be captured by connectome analysis. Here, we used the resting-state fMRI data from 222 participants comprising three groups (ulcerative colitis (UC), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and healthy controls (HC), N = 74 each) to investigate the alterations in functional brain wiring and cortical stability in UC compared to the two control groups and identify possible correlations of these alterations with clinical parameters. Globally, UC participants showed increased functional connectivity and decreased modularity compared to IBS and HC groups. Regionally, UC showed decreased eigenvector centrality in the executive control network (UC < IBS < HC) and increased eigenvector centrality in the visual network (UC > IBS > HC). UC also showed increased connectivity in dorsal attention, somatomotor network, and visual networks, and these enhanced subnetwork connectivities were able to distinguish UC participants from HCs and IBS with high accuracy. Dynamic functional connectome analysis revealed that UC showed enhanced cortical stability in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which correlated with severe depression and anxiety-related measures. None of the observed brain changes were correlated with disease duration. Together, these findings are consistent with compromised functioning of networks involved in executive function and sensory integration in UC.
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Assessing the effect of anthocyanins through diet and supplementation on cognitive function in older adults at risk for dementia: protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
INTRODUCTION: Promising evidence is emerging for the procognitive, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties of dietary flavonoids, particularly anthocyanins that provide red, purple and blue plant pigments. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The 'Food for Thought' study is a multicentre, 6-month randomised, parallel 3-arm clinical trial. Its primary aim is to investigate whether anthocyanin consumption, either through diet or supplementation, can prevent memory loss progression and improve inflammatory and cardiovascular health in older adults at risk for dementia. Eligible participants will include those aged 60-85 years with a diagnosis of amnestic mild cognitive impairment or with a self-referral of memory concerns and scoring ≤13 on the Memory Index Score within the Telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment screening test. Participants will be randomised to one of three arms: High anthocyanin ('purple foods') diet (aiming for a target of 250 mg anthocyanins/day); freeze-dried product derived from blackcurrants (250 mg anthocyanins/day); or control (coloured maltose powder). The primary outcome is auditory anterograde memory functioning assessed by the Buschke and Grober Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test-Immediate Recall. Secondary outcomes are additional cognitive functions including processing speed, working memory, aspects of executive functioning (attentional shifting and word generativity) and premorbid estimate as well as subjective memory problems and self-reported depression symptoms. Additional secondary outcomes are blood pressure, inflammatory biomarkers, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, fatty acid profile, apolipoprotein E and polyphenol metabolites, gut microbiota composition and function and vascular and microvascular endothelial function tests. Repeated measures analysis of variance and/or mixed linear modelling will evaluate changes over time, with the inclusion of covariates. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval has been obtained from the Greater Western Human Research Ethics Committee (2021/ETH12083). A Consumer Advisory Group was established to guide and review the protocol and dissemination strategy. The results of this trial are intended to be published in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL SPONSOR: National Health and Medical Research Centre Dementia Collaborative Research Centre.Start date of clinical trial: 02 September 2022.Expected end date: 11 October 2024. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ACTRN12622000065796.