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Psychological Trauma and Gut Health: Unlocking the Potential of Dietary Interventions to Modulate the Gut-Brain Axis.
PURPOSE: The current study examined the profound effect of psychological trauma on gut microbiota and identified dietary strategies to mitigate its adverse effects on gut health. METHOD: A narrative review was performed. RESULTS: Trauma disrupts the composition and function of gut microbiota, often resulting in increased gut permeability, which triggers inflammation and impairs mental health. The gut-brain axis is a critical pathway affected by trauma. Stress-induced dysbiosis exacerbates psychological disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Nutritional interventions, including prebiotics, probiotics, and anti-inflammatory diets, show promise in restoring microbial balance and supporting the gut-brain axis in individuals affected by trauma. CONCLUSION: This review underscores the potential of an integrated approach combining psychology and nutrition to enhance health outcomes. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to further unravel the complex dynamics among trauma, gut health, and mental well-being. Psychiatric-mental health nurses can embed gut-informed education into trauma-informed care; collaborate with dietitians; use brief tools to assess sleep, stress, and gastrointestinal symptoms; provide culturally sensitive, cost-effective guidance; and coordinate interdisciplinary follow up to sustain behavior change.
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Evaluating Gut Microbiota Modification as a Next-Generation Therapy for Obesity and Diabetes.
The human body is a complex ecosystem that thrives on symbiosis. It is estimated that around 10^14 commensal microorganisms inhabit the human body, with the gut microbiota being one of the most diverse and complex populations of bacteria. This community is thought to comprise over a thousand different species that play a crucial role in the development of critical human diseases such as cancer, obesity, diabetes, mental depression, hypertension, and others. The gut microbiota has been identified as one of the most recent contributors to these metabolic disorders. With the emergence of inexpensive and high-performance sequence technology, our understanding of the function of the intestinal microbiome in host metabolism regulation and the development of (cardio) metabolic diseases has increased significantly. The symbiotic relationship between the gut microbiota and the host is essential for properly developing the human metabolic system. However, if this balance is disrupted by various factors such as infection, diet, exercise, sleep patterns, or exposure to antibiotics, it can lead to the development of various diseases in the body, including obesity and diabetes type 1 and 2. While many approaches and medications have been developed globally to treat these diseases, none have proven to be entirely effective, and many show side effects. Therefore, scientists believe that treating the gut microbiota using tried-and-true methods is the best option for combating obesity and diabetes. In this study, we aim to identify several feasible ways and prospects for gut microbiota therapy that can shape a new format for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
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[The gut microbiota in bipolar disorder].
The gut microbiota is a community of microorganisms that live in the digestive tract of living beings and form bidirectional symbiotic relationships with them. It is known that gut bacteria play an important role in maintaining the functioning of the host organism, and disruption in the normal composition of the gut microbiota can contribute to the development of many diseases. The study of microbiota has been gaining popularity in recent years, and its influence on the course of various pathological conditions is becoming more and more undeniable. Due to the growing evidence supporting the connection between the gastrointestinal tract, microbiota and brain, the term «microbiota-gut-brain axis» has appeared. It regulates the functions of the central nervous system, affecting the mood, behavior of the host and, therefore, is involved in the pathogenesis of various mental disorders. Bipolar disorder, a long-known affective mental illness of an endogenous origin, is no exception. The review analyzes the evidence on the relationship between gut microbiota and bipolar disorder, as well as an overview of additional treatments for this disease that affect the microflora of the human body.
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Stress-induced disturbances along the gut microbiota-immune-brain axis and implications for mental health: Does sex matter?
Women are roughly twice as likely as men to suffer from stress-related disorders, especially major depression and generalized anxiety. Accumulating evidence suggest that microbes inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract (the gut microbiota) interact with the host brain and may play a key role in the pathogenesis of mental illnesses. Here, the possibility that sexually dimorphic alterations along the gut microbiota-immune-brain axis could play a role in promoting this female bias of mood and anxiety disorders will be discussed. This review will also analyze the idea that gut microbes and sex hormones influence each other, and that this reciprocal crosstalk may come to modulate inflammatory players along the gut microbiota-immune-brain axis and influence behavior in a sex-dependent way.
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Early-life gut inflammation drives sex-dependent shifts in the microbiome-endocrine-brain axis.
Despite recent advances in understanding the connection between the gut microbiota and the adult brain, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding how gut inflammation affects brain development. We hypothesized that gut inflammation during early life would negatively affect neurodevelopment by disrupting microbiota communication to the brain. We therefore developed a novel pediatric chemical model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), an incurable condition affecting millions of people worldwide. IBD is characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation, and is associated with comorbid symptoms such as anxiety, depression and cognitive impairment. Notably, 25% of patients with IBD are diagnosed during childhood, and the effects of chronic inflammation during this critical developmental period remain poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of early-life gut inflammation induced by DSS (dextran sulfate sodium) on a range of microbiota, endocrine, and behavioral outcomes, focusing on sex-specific impacts. DSS-treated mice exhibited increased intestinal inflammation and altered microbiota membership, which correlated with changes in microbiota-derived circulating metabolites. The majority of behavioral measures were unaffected, with the exception of impaired mate-seeking behaviors in DSS-treated males. DSS-treated males also showed significantly smaller seminal vesicles, lower circulating androgens, and decreased intestinal hormone-activating enzyme activity compared to vehicle controls. In the brain, DSS treatment led to chronic, sex-specific alterations in microglial morphology. These results suggest that early-life gut inflammation causes changes in gut microbiota composition, affecting short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producers and glucuronidase (GUS) activity, correlating with altered SCFA and androgen levels. The findings highlight the developmental sensitivity to inflammation-induced changes in endocrine signalling and emphasize the long-lasting physiological and microbiome changes associated with juvenile IBD.
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Neuropsychiatric sequelae after liver transplantation and their possible mechanism via the microbiota-gut-liver-brain axis.
Patients after liver transplantation are often impacted by mental and even neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, sleep disorders, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychiatric sequelae have an adverse impact on rehabilitation and can even incapacitate people, reducing their quality of life. Despite screening tools and effective treatments, neuropsychiatric sequelae after liver transplantation (NSALT) have not been fully diagnosed and treated. Current research suggests that NSALT may be partly related to intestinal microbial variation, but the detailed mechanism remains unclear. In this review, we describe the clinical and diagnostic features, prevalence, prediction, clinical course and outcome, management, and treatment of NSALT; we also summarize their mechanisms through the microbiota-gut-liver-brain axis. Finally, we propose to improve NSALT on the basis of adjusting the gastrointestinal flora, immune inflammation or vagus nerve (VN), providing a novel strategy for clinical prevention and treatment.
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Gut-brain axis in health and brain disease.
The gut-brain axis is a complex, bidirectional network of communication systems that integrates neural, endocrine, and immune pathways, as well as metabolic processes, to regulate homeostasis and maintain physiological and cognitive equilibrium. Central to this axis is the gut microbiota, which exerts a profound influence on brain function through microbial metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan metabolites, and bile acids. Disruption of this microbial balance, known as dysbiosis, has been implicated in the onset and progression of major neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, including depression, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. This review critically examines the mechanistic underpinnings of the gut-brain axis, emphasizing metabolic, immunological, and neuroendocrine signaling as key mediators. Furthermore, it explores how dietary components, particularly fiber, polyphenols, and fermented foods, modulate gut microbial composition and function to influence brain health. Emerging therapeutic strategies, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, are discussed, along with the potential of personalized targeted intervention. By integrating current findings, this review underscores the gut-brain axis as a dynamic interface that not only influences neurological and psychiatric outcomes but also represents a promising target for therapeutic intervention.
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Sex Differences in the Gut-Brain Axis: Implications for Mental Health.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this article is to highlight how sex differences in the gut-brain axis may contribute to the discrepancies in incidence of neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders between females and males. We focus on autism spectrum disorder, psychotic disorders, stress and anxiety disorders, depression, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease and additionally discuss the comorbidity between inflammatory bowel disorder and mental health disorders. RECENT FINDINGS: Human and animal studies show that sex may modify the relationship between the gut or immune system and brain and behavior. Sex also appears to modify the effect of microbial treatments such as probiotics and antibiotics on brain and behavior. There is emerging evidence that assessing the role of sex in the gut-brain axis may help elucidate the etiology of and identify effective treatments for neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Antidepressant drugs promote the spread of broad-host-range plasmid in mouse and human gut microbiota.
Antibiotic resistance is a global public health challenge. The gut microbiota serves as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), facilitating their transfer between bacteria. With the rising incidence of major depressive disorders (MDD), antidepressant prescriptions have surged. Previous pure-culture studies suggest that antidepressants exhibit antibiotic-like side effects, but their impact on gene transfer in microbial communities remains unclear. Here, we report that clinically relevant doses of antidepressants duloxetine and sertraline enhance the transfer of a broad-host range conjugative plasmid across bacterial phyla from mice gut microbiota. Tests in human gut simulators confirmed that duloxetine facilitates plasmid transfer in human gut microbiota. Mechanistic analyses revealed that antidepressants increase reactive oxygen species levels and alter bacterial cell membrane permeability. Using fluorescence-activated cell sorting and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we discovered that antidepressants alter plasmid transfer patterns at both phylum and genus levels, driving ARG exchange among opportunistic pathogens. Our findings suggest that antidepressant use may promote the spread of antibiotic resistance between commensal and pathogenic bacteria, raising important public health concerns.
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The role of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of mental and neurological disorders.
In recent decades, the concept of the gut microbiota as a potential novel therapeutic strategy for mental health has emerged. The tiny microbes inhabiting our gut communicate through a bidirectional communication signaling with the brain that influences gut physiology, brain function and behavior. Accumulating evidence suggests that perturbation of the gut microbiota contributes to the pathophysiology of mental illnesses including autism, depression and anxiety as well as neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. This review will highlight recent findings in both human and animal studies indicating how changes in the gut microbiota can impact the pathophysiology of such diseases. The current work will also provide an understanding of the efficacy of microbiota-targeted therapies on psychiatric disorders.