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Can microbiology affect psychiatry? A link between gut microbiota and psychiatric disorders.
Every single human consists of thousands of genes, billions of neurons and trillions of bacteria. There is a rapidly growing number of data that links the gut microbiome to the development and functioning of the central nervous system, which is a currently proposed paradigm shift in neuroscience. Knowledge on the relationship between gut microbiota and mental disorders is constantly increasing. This phenomenon is known as "gut-brain axis". The strongest evidence for the role of microbes in the gut-brain axis comes from animal studies. Nevertheless, the gutbrain crosstalk is a bidirectional communication system that not only provides gastrointestinal homeostasis, but can also affect motivation as well as higher cognitive functions. Moreover, gut microbiome can be associated with obesity and inflammatory gastrointestinal disorders. According to the recent studies, there is a link between the composition of gut microbiota and mental disorders in animals (response to depression and chronic stress). This subject requires further examination, especially taking into consideration potential therapeutic options.
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The progress of gut microbiome research related to brain disorders.
There is increasing evidence showing that the dynamic changes in the gut microbiota can alter brain physiology and behavior. Cognition was originally thought to be regulated only by the central nervous system. However, it is now becoming clear that many non-nervous system factors, including the gut-resident bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract, regulate and influence cognitive dysfunction as well as the process of neurodegeneration and cerebrovascular diseases. Extrinsic and intrinsic factors including dietary habits can regulate the composition of the microbiota. Microbes release metabolites and microbiota-derived molecules to further trigger host-derived cytokines and inflammation in the central nervous system, which contribute greatly to the pathogenesis of host brain disorders such as pain, depression, anxiety, autism, Alzheimer's diseases, Parkinson's disease, and stroke. Change of blood-brain barrier permeability, brain vascular physiology, and brain structure are among the most critical causes of the development of downstream neurological dysfunction. In this review, we will discuss the following parts: Overview of technical approaches used in gut microbiome studiesMicrobiota and immunityGut microbiota and metabolitesMicrobiota-induced blood-brain barrier dysfunctionNeuropsychiatric diseases ■ Stress and depression■ Pain and migraine■ Autism spectrum disordersNeurodegenerative diseases ■ Parkinson's disease■ Alzheimer's disease■ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis■ Multiple sclerosisCerebrovascular disease ■ Atherosclerosis■ Stroke■ Arteriovenous malformationConclusions and perspectives.
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Dietary Effects on the Gut Phageome.
As knowledge of the gut microbiome has expanded our understanding of the symbiotic and dysbiotic relationships between the human host and its microbial constituents, the influence of gastrointestinal (GI) microbes both locally and beyond the intestine has become evident. Shifts in bacterial populations have now been associated with several conditions including Crohn's disease (CD), Ulcerative Colitis (UC), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's Disease, liver diseases, obesity, metabolic syndrome, anxiety, depression, and cancers. As the bacteria in our gut thrive on the food we eat, diet plays a critical role in the functional aspects of our gut microbiome, influencing not only health but also the development of disease. While the bacterial microbiome in the context of disease is well studied, the associated gut phageome-bacteriophages living amongst and within our bacterial microbiome-is less well understood. With growing evidence that fluctuations in the phageome also correlate with dysbiosis, how diet influences this population needs to be better understood. This review surveys the current understanding of the effects of diet on the gut phageome.
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[The Gut Microbiome and Its Clinical Implications in Anorexia Nervosa].
The Gut Microbiome and Its Clinical Implications in Anorexia Nervosa Abstract. The diverse interactions of the gut microbiome with the metabolism, the immune system, and the brain of the host are increasingly becoming to the forefront of relevant research. Studies suggest a connection between an altered intestinal microbiome and somatic diseases, such as colitis ulcerosa, Crohn's disease, and diabetes, as well as mental illnesses such as anxiety and depression. Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) also show significant changes in their gut microbiome which seem to be associated, among other things, with a different energy uptake from food, immunological and inflammatory processes, genetic predisposition, hormonal changes, and possibly increased intestinal permeability. In rats, stool transplantation from patients with AN resulted in decreased appetite and weight as well as anxious and compulsive behavior. In this review, we summarize the possible mechanisms of interaction between the microbiome and the host, and present initial findings on the microbiome in AN. Research on nutritional interventions, for example, with prebiotics and probiotics or nutritional supplements such as omega-3 fatty acids, which aim to positively influence the intestinal microbiome, could lead to additional treatment options in the therapy of patients with AN.
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Prospecting for para-endogenous anxiolytics in the human microbiome: Some promising pathways.
The gut microbiome is a vast, variable, and largely unexplored component of human biology that sits at the intersection of heritable and environmental factors, and represents a rich source of novel chemistry that is already known to be compatible with the human body. This alone would make it a promising place to search for new therapeutics, but recent work has also identified gut microbiome abnormalities in patients with a number of psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders-suggesting that not only treatments, but cures may lie therein. Here, we'll discuss two known "para-endogenous" anxiolytics-γ-hydroxybutyrate and the neurosteroid allopregnanolone-which have recently been discovered to be produced by the microbiome.
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Gut Microbiome and Behavior: Focus on Neuroimmune Interactions.
As neuroscientists, psychologists, and psychiatrists are starting to appreciate the importance of the gut microbiota to mental health, it is critical to determine the mechanisms of microbiota to brain communication and thereby provide a better understanding of the aspects that may be modifiable with proper intervention in individuals with mental illness. Microbiota-brain communication is emerging as an important factor in brain development and function. Further, immune dysfunction is clearly established to play a role in mental illness. Investigators in the field have established expertise in studying the microbiota, the immune system, brain, and behavior and are poised to contribute significant novel findings to our understanding of microbiota-immune-brain communication in mental illness. This chapter provides a review of the literature related to the influence of microbiota-immune-brain communication to behavior. This research has a clear translational relevance for mental health, contributing to extant findings that indicate a role for the microbiome in brain development and behavior.
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The role of the gut microbiome in mediating neurotoxic outcomes to PCB exposure.
A series of complex physiological processes underlie the development of the microbiota, gut, and brain in early life, which together communicate via the microbiota-gut-brain axis to maintain health and homeostasis. Disruption of these processes can lead to dysbiosis of the microbiota, pathophysiology of the gut and behavioral deficits including depression, anxiety and cognitive deficits. Environmental exposures, particularly in early life, can interfere with development and impact these pathways. This review will focus on the role of the microbiome and the gut in neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration as well as the impacts of environmental exposures, particularly to the neurotoxicant polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), given that the gut serves as the primary exposure route. There exists extensive research on the importance of the microbiome in the developing brain and connections with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and increasing links being established between the microbiome and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the elderly. Finally, we will speculate on the mechanisms through which PCBs can induce dysbiosis and dysregulate physiology of the gut and brain.
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Environmental Pollutant Formaldehyde Exposure Contributes to a Decrease in Real-Time Dopamine Concentration Dynamics in the Brain Reward Circuitry and Immunomodulating Gut Microbiome.
Integrated neural signaling and gut microbiome analysis are crucial for the mechanistic understanding of environmental exposure and health. Photochemical smog is a societal challenge; formaldehyde is a component of photochemical smog and a common indoor air pollutant. Although depression-like behavior has been linked to formaldehyde exposure, the effect of exposure on real-time dopamine release remains unknown despite its significance in depression. Here, we reveal the effects of formaldehyde exposure on real-time dopamine concentration dynamics in the nucleus accumbens, elicited by electrically stimulating the medial forebrain bundle. We used fast-scan cyclic voltammetry and carbon fiber microelectrodes to quantify real-time dopamine concentration dynamics. In addition, we extracted DNA from the mice's fecal samples and conducted 16S rRNA gene sequencing to measure the gut microbiome. We observed a decrease in real-time dopamine concentration dynamics in the nucleus accumbens associated with formaldehyde exposure, with peak dopamine concentration being 2700 ± 500 nM (no exposure), 2100 ± 400 nM (3-h exposure), and 1600 ± 500 nM (7-day exposure). By quantifying dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens evoked by electrically stimulating the medial forebrain bundle, we elucidated how formaldehyde exposure affects the associated neuronal circuitry. These experiments are the first, to the best of our knowledge, to demonstrate a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in real-time dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens following formaldehyde exposure in a duration-dependent manner. Additionally, gut microbiome analysis suggested a decrease in Lactobacillus, which has immunomodulatory functions, after 7 days of formaldehyde exposure.
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Food and Mood: Current Evidence on Mental Health and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Depression and anxiety are among the most common global mental health conditions. Emerging research highlights the impact of diet and the gut microbiome on the nervous system and mood. We review and discuss the existing research on the effects of various diets-including high-fiber, fermented, ketogenic, and calorie-restricted diets-alongside the roles of prebiotics and probiotics, on anxiety and depression. RECENT FINDINGS: While mostly observational, mounting data from randomized controlled trials support the idea that dietary modification can improve mental health outcomes by altering gut microbial composition and activity. The efficacy of supplements and probiotics in mood outcomes is conflicting. Additional research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms that link diet, the gut microbiome, and mental health. Overall, findings suggest that dietary modifications are feasible and beneficial in mild cases of anxiety and depression. This review explores the bidirectional relationship between diet, gut microbiome, and mood disorders. Various diets are discussed, and their respective impact on mental health is reviewed. Challenges in food and mood research remain due to variability in research practices. Additional studies are needed to further explore the role of nutrition in optimizing mental health.
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Ferulic acid and feruloylated oligosaccharides alleviate anxiety and depression symptom via regulating gut microbiome and microbial metabolism.
Incidence of anxiety and depression has been surging in recent years, causing unignorable mental health crisis across the globe. Mounting studies demonstrated that overgrowth of detrimental gut microbes is driving the development of anxiety and depression. Our previous studies suggested that ferulic acid (FA) and feruloylated oligosaccharides (FOs) were potent in regulating gut microbiome and microbial metabolism in a variety of disease settings, including neuroinflammation. Given the increasing evidence solidifying the role of gut-brain axis in neurological disorders, we here investigated the therapeutic potential of FA and FOs in anxiety and depression. In present study we found that FA and FOs effectively alleviated anxiety and depression-like behavior in mice, while increasing the abundance of Firmicutes, Solibacillus, Acinetobacter and Arthrobacter, and decreasing the abundance of Parabacteroides, Oscollospira and Rummeliibacillus. In addition, FA and FOs were efficacious in enhancing phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, phenylalanine and caffeine metabolism in mice having depression. Our results validated FA and FOs as effective nutrition to prevent anxiety and depression, as well as provided mechanistic insight into their anti-anxiety and anti-depression function. We suggested that FOs mitigated the symptom of depression in mice potentially via changing gut microbiome structure and microbial metabolism.