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Diet interventions for depression: Review and recommendations for practice.
OBJECTIVE: this paper aims to present the evidence for the role of diet in the prevention and treatment of depression, review the potential underlying mechanisms and provide practice recommendations for mental health clinicians. METHODS: A literature review was conducted through searches of PubMed with the search terms 'depression', 'diet', 'prevention', 'treatment' and 'mechanisms' and combinations thereof. Additional articles were identified through hand searching. RESULTS: Greater adherence to several healthy dietary patterns, traditional diets such as the Mediterranean diet and other diets such as the DASH diet are associated with or can treat symptoms of depression. Several limitations of the research were noted, many of which relate to inherent challenges of studying diet. Mechanisms by which dietary intervention can influence mood include the gut microbiome, modulation of inflammatory processes, reduction in oxidative stress and modulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. Recommendations for mental health clinicians to enable translation of the evidence into practice are provided. CONCLUSION: Diet can play an important role in preventing and treating depression. Mental health clinicians are well placed to provide dietary counselling and to use clinical judgement in choosing the specific approach that reflects the needs of the patient but are encouraged to refer to a specialist dietitian where necessary.
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Enterogenic metabolomics signatures of depression: what are the possibilities for the future.
INTRODUCTION: An increasing number of studies indicate that the microbiota-gut-brain axis is an important pathway involved in the onset and progression of depression. The responses of the organism (or its microorganisms) to external cues cannot be separated from a key intermediate element: their metabolites. AREAS COVERED: In recent years, with the rapid development of metabolomics, an increasing amount of metabolites has been detected and studied, especially the gut metabolites. Nevertheless, the increasing amount of metabolites described has not been reflected in a better understanding of their functions and metabolic pathways. Moreover, our knowledge of the biological interactions among metabolites is also incomplete, which limits further studies on the connections between the microbial-entero-brain axis and depression. EXPERT OPINION: This paper summarizes the current knowledge on depression-related metabolites and their involvement in the onset and progression of this disease. More importantly, this paper summarized metabolites from the intestine, and defined them as enterogenic metabolites, to further clarify the function of intestinal metabolites and their biochemical cross-talk, providing theoretical support and new research directions for the prevention and treatment of depression.
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Psychobiotics in Depression: Sources, Metabolites, and Treatment-A Systematic Review.
Background: Depression and other stress-related mental disorders are the leading causes of disability worldwide, making them a significant global health challenge. This systematic review aimed to determine the effects of psychobiotic microorganisms on mental health outcomes, with particular focus on their sources, metabolites, and therapeutic potential for depression. Methods: A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted using publications from 2020 to 2024 in Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies examining psychobiotics and their effects on mental health in humans and experimental animals. Risk of bias assessment was performed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (ROB 2). Results: Of 369 identified articles, 45 met inclusion criteria. The predominant psychobiotic strains belonged to Lactobacillus (45.5%) and Bifidobacterium (29%) genera. Strain sources included commercial preparations (24%), human-derived (16%), and food-derived (16%) strains. Psychobiotic bacterial strains produce neuromodulatory metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), neurotransmitters (e.g., GABA and serotonin), and indole derivatives that influence the gut-brain axis. Their mechanisms of action include neurotransmitter regulation (27.1%), modulation of the gut microbiota (27.1%), SCFA production (16.9%), and control of inflammatory responses (15.3%). Lactobacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium breve, and Akkermansia muciniphila demonstrated particularly promising effects. Conclusions: Psychobiotics show significant potential as adjunctive and therapeutic agents in depressive disorders through modulation of the gut-brain axis.
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Gut Microbiota Mediates the Preventive Effects of Dietary Capsaicin Against Depression-Like Behavior Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Mice.
Capsaicin (CAP) is an active ingredient in chili pepper that is frequently consumed. It exerts various pharmacological activities, and also has potential effects on mental illness. However, its mechanism of antidepressant effects is still unclear. Based on the emerging perspective of the gut-brain axis, we investigated the effects of dietary CAP on gut microbes in mice with depression-like behaviors induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). C57BL/6J male mice (four weeks old) were given specific feed (standard laboratory chow or laboratory chow plus 0.005% CAP) for 4 months. During the last five days, LPS (0.052/0.104/0.208/0.415/0.83 mg/kg, 5-day) was injected intraperitoneally to induce depression. Behavioral indicators and serum parameters were measured, and gut microbiota were identified by sequencing analysis of the 16S gene. This study showed that dietary CAP improved depressive-like behavior (sucrose preference test, forced swimming test, tail suspension test) and levels of 5-HT and TNF-α in serum of LPS-induced mice with depression-like behaviors. In addition, CAP could recover abnormal changes in depression-related microbiota. Especially at the genus level, CAP enhanced the variations in relative abundance of certain pivotal microorganisms like Ruminococcus, Prevotella, Allobaculum, Sutterella, and Oscillospira. Correlation analysis revealed changes in microbiota composition that was closely related to depressive behavior, 5-HT and TNF-α levels. These results suggested that dietary CAP can regulate the structure and number of gut microbiota and play a major role in the prevention of depression.
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The Effect of Immunobiotic/Psychobiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus Strain INMIA 9602 Er 317/402 Narine on Gut Prevotella in Familial Mediterranean Fever: Gender-Associated Effects.
Possible mechanisms involved in sex-dependent differences in the gut microbiota have a growing interest worldwide, but the effects of probiotics dependence on the gender of the host have remained outside of researchers' attention until now. Previously, our research data described gender-specific differences in the gut microbiota of Armenian Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) patients. Taking into account the possible association of Prevotella spp. with depressive disorders, the aim of the current investigations was an evaluation of changes in the abundance of gut Prevotella of FMF patients in association with the patient's depression and gender. The differences between healthy and FMF diseased gut microbiota in terms of Prevotella abundance were revealed. In addition, the gender-dependent effects of immunobiotic/psychobiotic Narine on the abundance of gut Prevotella of FMF patients and patients' depression scores were shown by us in this study.
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A Microbial-Based Approach to Mental Health: The Potential of Probiotics in the Treatment of Depression.
Probiotics are currently the subject of intensive research pursuits and also represent a multi-billion-dollar global industry given their vast potential to improve human health. In addition, mental health represents a key domain of healthcare, which currently has limited, adverse-effect prone treatment options, and probiotics may hold the potential to be a novel, customizable treatment for depression. Clinical depression is a common, potentially debilitating condition that may be amenable to a precision psychiatry-based approach utilizing probiotics. Although our understanding has not yet reached a sufficient level, this could be a therapeutic approach that can be tailored for specific individuals with their own unique set of characteristics and health issues. Scientifically, the use of probiotics as a treatment for depression has a valid basis rooted in the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) mechanisms, which play a role in the pathophysiology of depression. In theory, probiotics appear to be ideal as adjunct therapeutics for major depressive disorder (MDD) and as stand-alone therapeutics for mild MDD and may potentially revolutionize the treatment of depressive disorders. Although there is a wide range of probiotics and an almost limitless range of therapeutic combinations, this review aims to narrow the focus to the most widely commercialized and studied strains, namely Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, and to bring together the arguments for their usage in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Clinicians, scientists, and industrialists are critical stakeholders in exploring this groundbreaking concept.
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Time-restricted feeding prevents depressive-like behaviors by suppressing changes in the gut microbiota.
Long-term high-fat diet (HFD) intake changes the gut microbiota to an inflammatory state, which induces inflammation in the brain and is related to the onset of metabolic abnormalities and depression. Time-restricted feeding (TRF) has been shown to inhibit HFD-induced weight gain and gut inflammation. However, the effects of TRF on HFD-induced depression are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of TRF on depression induced by a HFD. The mice were divided into three groups as follows, and subjected to an 8-week intervention; normal diet (NC), a HFD ad libitum (FA), and TRF with a HFD (FT). The results revealed significant weight gain and depressive-like behaviors in the FA group compared with the NC group, but not in the FT group. Immunohistological analysis in the brain revealed a significant increase in the number of activated microglia and neural cells in the FA group compared with the NC group, whereas these were lower in the FT group. Serum leptin levels were significantly greater in the FA group than in the NC group, whereas these were lower in the FT group. Furthermore, fecal analysis revealed a significant decrease in gut microbiota diversity and increase in bacteria associated with depression in the FA group compared with those in the NC group, whereas these were lower in the FT group. Our study suggests that HFD intake induces inflammatory changes in the gut microbiota and inflammation of the brain, leading to obesity and depression, and that these changes may be prevented by TRF.
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Panacis Quinquefolii Radix Polysaccharides Alleviate Depressive-Like Behaviors in Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Mice by Suppressing Complement C1Q/C3-Mediated Microglial Synaptic Pruning and Modulating Gut Microbiota.
AIMS: Panax quinquefolius Radix (American ginseng) is a medicinal herb used for its neuroprotective and tonic effects. However, the antidepressant potential of its polysaccharide components is not well studied. This research aimed to investigate the antidepressant effects of XYS1, a polysaccharide from American ginseng, focusing on mechanisms related to the complement system and the gut-brain axis. METHODS: A chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mouse model was used to induce depressive behaviors. Mice were treated with XYS1 via oral gavage, followed by assessments of behavior, molecular changes, and gut microbiota. RESULTS: XYS1 treatment significantly alleviated depression-like behaviors in CUMS mice, as demonstrated by reduced immobility time in the TST and FST, and increased sucrose preference and body weight. Mechanistically, XYS1 attenuated complement system activation by downregulating C1Q expression in microglia and C3 expression in astrocytes, not only in the hippocampal CA1 region but also in the mPFC and PVN, as well as in the colon. Furthermore, XYS1 inhibited microglial activation and associated synaptic phagocytosis, preserved glutamatergic neuron density, restored excitatory synapse density, and reversed CUMS-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis by enriching Bacillota and reducing Bacteroidota abundance. Additionally, XYS1 effectively mitigated both colonic and systemic inflammation, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β and complement components C1Q and C3, while restoring anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels, thereby modulating the gut-brain axis. CONCLUSIONS: XYS1 exerts antidepressant effects by modulating the C1Q/C3 complement pathway, inhibiting microglial-mediated synaptic pruning, and restoring gut microbiota homeostasis.
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The role of the gut microbiota in depressive-like behavior induced by chlorpyrifos in mice.
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is associated with depression, cognitive dysfunction, and other neurological disorders. Increasing evidence has suggested that the gut microbiota plays a vital role in regulating the development of depression. However, it is unknown whether gut microbiota is associated with CPF-related depression. This study aimed to explore the effect of CPF on depressive-like behavior in mice and investigated the role of gut microbiota in this behavior. In our study, we selected fifty male C57BL/6 J mice for the model and subjected them to CPF poisoning by gavage for 14 days. The depressive-like behaviors of mice were assessed by the open field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), and forced swimming test (FST). Furthermore, we selected the high-dose group (CPF10) with obvious changes in depressive-like behaviors for the hippocampus and colon histopathological analysis, examined the changes in the gut microbiota by 16 S rRNA sequencing, screened the different microbiota among groups by linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe), analyzed the correlation between intestinal bacteria and depression-like behavior indicators by Spearman analysis, and evaluated the predictive ability of different bacteria to CPF-induced depressive-like behavior using the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. The results showed that CPF caused depressive-like behaviors with pathological changes in the hippocampus and colon. CPF induced changes in gut microbiota, including 49 differential bacteria. Among the top 10 abundant bacteria, Actinobacteria and Deferribacteres were increased, and Cyanobacteria, Patescibacteria and Verrucomicrobia were decreased at the phylum level. Muribaculum, Ruminococcaceae.UCG.014 and uncultured Bacteroides bacterium were decreased at the genus level. Correlation analysis demonstrated that 18 differentially abundant bacteria were correlated with CPF-induced depression. ROC curves revealed that Deferribacteres, Mucispirillum, Rikenella and GCA900066575 are potential biomarkers for depression caused by CPF. These findings will provide an experimental basis for the neurological health of the pesticide-exposed population.
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How gut microbes could drive brain disorders.