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Nutritional and functional roles of β-mannanase on intestinal health and growth of newly weaned pigs fed two different types of feeds.
This study aimed to investigate the nutritional and functional roles of β-mannanase on the intestinal health and growth of newly weaned pigs fed a typical or low-cost formulated feeds (LCF). Twenty-four newly weaned pigs at 6.2 kg ± 0.4 body weight (BW) were allotted to three dietary treatments based on a randomized complete block design with sex and initial BW as blocks. Three dietary treatments are as follows: Control, typical nursery feeds including animal protein supplements and enzyme-treated soybean meal; LCF with increased amounts of soybean meal, decreased amounts of animal protein supplements, and no enzyme-treated soybean meal; LCF+, low-cost formulated feed with β-mannanase at 100 g/t, providing 800 thermostable β-mannanase unit (TMU) per kg of feed. Pigs were fed based on a three-phase feeding program for a total of 37 d. On day 37 of feeding, all pigs were euthanized and the gastrointestinal tract was removed for sample collection to analyze intestinal health parameters, mucosa-associated microbiota, and gene expression of tight junction proteins. Pigs fed LCF increased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Helicobacter in the jejunal mucosa, tended to decrease (P = 0.097; P = 0.098) the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the expression of zona occluden 1 (ZO-1) gene in the jejunum, tended to decrease average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.084) and final BW (P = 0.090), and decreased (P < 0.05) average daily feed intake. Pigs fed LCF + tended to decrease (P = 0.088) digesta viscosity, decreased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Helicobacter, and increased (P < 0.05) Lactobacillus in the jejunal mucosa compared to LCF. Additionally, LCF + tended to increase final BW (P = 0.059) and ADG (P = 0.054), increased (P < 0.05) gain to feed ratio (G:F), and reduced (P < 0.05) fecal score compared to LCF. LCF with decreased amounts of animal protein supplements and increased amounts of soybean meal had negative effects on the composition of the mucosa-associated microbiota, intestinal integrity, and growth performance of nursery pigs. Beta-mannanase supplementation to LCF decreased digesta viscosity, increased the relative abundance of potentially health-benefitting microbiota such as Lactobacillus, and improved growth and fecal score, thus reflecting its efficacy in low-cost formulated feeds with increased amounts of soybean meal.
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Role of Anxiety and Depression on the Interplay Between Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction and Eating Disorders.
INTRODUCTION: Disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) are frequently encountered among patients with eating disorders (ED). Underlying both ED and DGBI may be psychological comorbidities, but it is uncertain how often psychological disorder explains the development of either disorder. We hypothesized a DGBI may predispose to a new onset ED. We aimed to determine the associations and chronological presentation of DGBI, ED, and psychological comorbidities. METHODS: Data were collected from a retrospective cohort of n = 1,256,331 patients attending general practices in the UK; 1,018 patients diagnosed with both a DGBI and an ED were included, with 777 also having data on anxiety and/or depression. Timing of order of onset and potential moderators of the sequence of occurrence were considered. Clinical significance level was set at P < 0.01 and odds ratio (OR) ≥ 2.0. RESULTS: Prevalence of any ED was 0.7%. Chronic constipation was associated with anorexia nervosa (OR = 2.12; 95% confidence interval 1.84-2.45) and any ED (OR = 2.06; 95% confidence interval 1.79-2.36). Irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia were significantly associated with one or more ED. More patients in primary care were diagnosed with an ED (59.5%, n = 606) preceding a DGBI than vice versa (40.5%, n = 412, P < 0.001). Independent predictors of having a diagnosed DGBI preceding an ED were younger age at first diagnosis of DGBI ( P < 0.001), antecedent depression ( P < 0.003), and antecedent proton pump inhibitor use ( P < 0.001). DISCUSSION: Psychological disorders, ED, and DGBI overlap. ED more frequently preceded the onset of a DGBI diagnosis; younger age, antecedent depression, and proton pump inhibitor use were independently associated with a DGBI predicting an ED.
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Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations Between Dietary Intake and Depressive Symptoms in Young South African Adults: The African-PREDICT Study.
INTRODUCTION: Depression is highly prevalent among young adults worldwide. While research links health behaviours, such as dietary intake, to depression, few studies have examined these associations in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including South Africa. This study investigated whether dietary intake was associated with risk of depression in a cohort of young South African adults, aged 20-30 years, as part of the Global burden of disease Lifestyle And mental Disorder (GLAD) project. METHODS: This 5-year prospective cohort study was conducted in the North West Province of South Africa following the GLAD project protocol (DERR1-10.2196/65576). Dietary exposures were evaluated using three non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls, measuring daily intake of food groups and nutrients defined by the GBD study. Depression outcomes were assessed at baseline (n = 1039) and follow-up (n = 551) using the Patient Health Questionnaire (cut-off ≥10). Logistic and Poisson regression analyses were performed, reporting odds ratios (ORs) and relative risks (RRs). Four models were tested: unadjusted, sociodemographic-adjusted, total energy (TE) intake-adjusted and fully adjusted (both sociodemographic and TE-adjusted). For longitudinal analyses, baseline depression cases were additionally excluded (n = 403). RESULTS: Participants (mean age 24.55 years; 51.4% female; 48.6% Black) had a 29.45% baseline depression prevalence. Higher milk intake was associated with a lower risk of incident depression (RR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.91-0.98) in the TE-adjusted model. Cross-sectionally, higher sugar-sweetened beverage consumption was associated with higher odds of depression, whereas higher calcium (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.31, 0.76) and vegetable intake (OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.61, 0.91) were associated with lower odds after TE adjustment. Higher fibre intake was associated with lower odds in the unadjusted model. CONCLUSION: Higher milk intake was associated with lower incident depression, while higher calcium, vegetable and fibre intake were associated with lower depression prevalence, but not when adjusting for sociodemographic information. These findings suggest that sociodemographic context should be considered alongside dietary strategies to support prevention efforts for common mental disorders in young adults. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03292094.
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Effects of Prebiotics and Probiotics on Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety in Clinically Diagnosed Samples: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
CONTEXT: The use of prebiotics and probiotics as a treatment for psychiatric conditions has gained interest due to their potential to modulate the gut-brain axis. This review aims to assess the effectiveness of these interventions in reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety in psychiatric populations. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to comprehensively review and appraise the effectiveness of prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic interventions in reducing clinical depression and anxiety symptoms. DATA SOURCES: Systematic searches were conducted across Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and Science Citation Index from database inception to May 22, 2023. DATA EXTRACTION: Randomized controlled trials investigating prebiotic, probiotic, or synbiotic interventions for treating clinical depression or anxiety symptoms in clinical samples were included. Data were extracted on study characteristics, intervention details, and outcome measures. The Cochrane Collaboration Tool was used to assess the risk of bias. DATA ANALYSIS: The standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated using Hedge's g as the metric of effect size. A random-effects model was applied to estimate pooled effect sizes with 95% CIs. Subgroup analyses were performed based on study characteristics, methodological factors, and intervention types. Sensitivity analyses excluded studies with a high risk of bias. RESULTS: Twenty-three RCTs involving 1401 patients met the inclusion criteria, with 20 trials providing sufficient data for meta-analysis. Of these, 18 trials investigated probiotics for depression, 9 trials assessed probiotics for anxiety, and 3 trials examined prebiotics for depression. Probiotics demonstrated a significant reduction in depression symptoms (SMD: -0.96; 95% CI: -1.31, -0.61) and a moderate reduction in anxiety symptoms (SMD: -0.59; 95% CI: -0.98, -0.19). Prebiotics did not show a significant effect on depression (SMD: -0.28; 95% CI: -0.61, 0.04). High heterogeneity was observed across studies, and subgroup analyses indicated that study duration and probiotic formulations contributed to the variation in effect sizes. CONCLUSION: Probiotics showed substantial reductions in depression symptoms and moderate reductions in anxiety symptoms. Prebiotics showed a nonsignificant trend toward reducing depression. An adjunctive mental health treatment approach that diagnoses, monitors, and treats the gut microbiome alongside traditional pharmacological treatment holds promise for clinical practice. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023424136.
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Interpretable prediction of necrotizing enterocolitis from machine learning analysis of premature infant stool microbiota.
BACKGROUND: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a common, potentially catastrophic intestinal disease among very low birthweight premature infants. Affecting up to 15% of neonates born weighing less than 1500 g, NEC causes sudden-onset, progressive intestinal inflammation and necrosis, which can lead to significant bowel loss, multi-organ injury, or death. No unifying cause of NEC has been identified, nor is there any reliable biomarker that indicates an individual patient's risk of the disease. Without a way to predict NEC in advance, the current medical strategy involves close clinical monitoring in an effort to treat babies with NEC as quickly as possible before irrecoverable intestinal damage occurs. In this report, we describe a novel machine learning application for generating dynamic, individualized NEC risk scores based on intestinal microbiota data, which can be determined from sequencing bacterial DNA from otherwise discarded infant stool. A central insight that differentiates our work from past efforts was the recognition that disease prediction from stool microbiota represents a specific subtype of machine learning problem known as multiple instance learning (MIL). RESULTS: We used a neural network-based MIL architecture, which we tested on independent datasets from two cohorts encompassing 3595 stool samples from 261 at-risk infants. Our report also introduces a new concept called the "growing bag" analysis, which applies MIL over time, allowing incorporation of past data into each new risk calculation. This approach allowed early, accurate NEC prediction, with a mean sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 90%. True-positive NEC predictions occurred an average of 8 days before disease onset. We also demonstrate that an attention-gated mechanism incorporated into our MIL algorithm permits interpretation of NEC risk, identifying several bacterial taxa that past work has associated with NEC, and potentially pointing the way toward new hypotheses about NEC pathogenesis. Our system is flexible, accepting microbiota data generated from targeted 16S or "shotgun" whole-genome DNA sequencing. It performs well in the setting of common, potentially confounding preterm neonatal clinical events such as perinatal cardiopulmonary depression, antibiotic administration, feeding disruptions, or transitions between breast feeding and formula. CONCLUSIONS: We have developed and validated a robust MIL-based system for NEC prediction from harmlessly collected premature infant stool. While this system was developed for NEC prediction, our MIL approach may also be applicable to other diseases characterized by changes in the human microbiota.
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[COPD, anxiety-depression and cognitive disorders: Does inflammation play a major role?].
COPD is a chronic respiratory disease, often associated with extrapulmonary manifestations. Co-morbidities, including anxiety, depression and cognitive impairment, worsen its progression and quality of life. The prevalence of these disorders is high, yet they are often poorly understood and inadequately managed. In the development of psychological disorders, there is accumulated evidence highlighting the major role of systemic inflammation, as well as chronic disease, genetics, the consequences of smoking, hypoxaemia, oxidative stress, and the gut microbiome In addition to traditional treatments such as bronchodilatator medications, respiratory rehabilitation and smoking cessation, systemic inflammation is an interesting therapeutic target, with the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-cytokines, and nutritional interventions.
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New insights into anti-depression effects of bioactive phytochemicals.
Depression is one of the most common psychological disorders, and due to its high prevalence and mortality rates, it imposes a significant disease burden. Contemporary treatments for depression involve various synthetic drugs, which have limitations such as side effects, single targets, and slow onset of action. Unlike synthetic medications, phytochemicals offer the benefits of a multi-target and multi-pathway mode of treatment for depression. In this literature review, we describe the pharmacological actions, experimental models, and clinical trials of the antidepressant effects of various phytochemicals. Additionally, we summarize the potential mechanisms by which these phytochemicals prevent depression, including regulating neurotransmitters and their receptors, the HPA axis, inflammatory responses, managing oxidative stress, neuroplasticity, and the gut microbiome. Phytochemicals exert therapeutic effects through multiple pathways and targets, making traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) a promising adjunctive antidepressant for the prevention, alleviation, and treatment of depression. Therefore, this review aims to provide robust evidence for subsequent research into developing phytochemical resources as effective antidepressant agents.
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Nutritional Interventions for Treating Cancer-Related Fatigue: A Qualitative Review.
Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a debilitating syndrome that persists for many cancer survivors for years after treatment. Symptoms include early and persistent fatigue, functional decline, depression, and cognitive difficulties. Inflammation, assessed using pro-inflammatory biomarkers, is increased in cancer survivors with fatigue and treatments for fatigue are often aimed at reducing inflammation. Additionally, cancer and its treatment lead to nutritional complications, changes in body composition, and nutritional deficiencies that potentially weaken the cancer survivor and impact CRF. We conducted a qualitative review of clinical trials that assessed nutritional interventions for preventing and treating CRF. Further studies were examined that used nutritional interventions to address inflammation and fatigue, due to the dearth of nutrition research directly related to CRF. Dietary intake prior to, during, and after cancer treatment appears to affect fatigue levels. Increased protein intake may help preserve lean mass and body composition. Dietary patterns that reduce inflammation, such as the Mediterranean diet and other plant-based diets, appear tolerable to cancer survivors and may reduce fatigue. Supplementation with ginseng, ginger, or probiotics may improve cancer survivors' energy levels. Nutritional interventions, alone or in combination with other interventions should be considered as therapy for fatigue in cancer survivors.
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Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids may participate in post-stroke depression by regulating host's lipid metabolism.
BACKGROUND: Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a common mental disorder of stroke survivors, its pathogenesis remains elusive. Previous studies suggested a role of the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis in stroke and depression. In this study, we characterized microbial composition and function, and gut-brain metabolic signatures, in PSD rats. We aim to explore how disordered gut microbes participate in the pathogenesis of PSD through the MGB axis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 16S rRNA gene sequence and fecal metabolome analysis were performed to identify the gut microbiome and their functional metabolites in PSD rats. Then, the lipid metabolic signatures in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of PSD were conducted by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Finally, the potential pathway between gut and brain in the onset of PSD were explored. RESULTS: Compared to control and stroke rats, there were 10 genera (most of them belonged to phylum Firmicutes) significantly changed and 3 short chain fatty acids (SCFAs: butyric acid, acetic acid and pentanoic acid) significantly decreased in PSD rats. Meanwhile, altered gut microbial in PSD rats was significantly associated with these SCFAs. Compared with control and stroke rats, 57 lipid metabolites in the PFC of PSD rats were significantly changed. In addition, the altered SCFAs in PSD rats were also significantly correlated with most of disordered lipid metabolites in PFC. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the SCFAs may be a bridge of gut-brain communication. The Firmicutes-SCFAs-lipid metabolism might be a potential pathway to further investigate the MGB axis and pathogenesis of PSD.
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Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) as an Adjunctive Therapy for Depression-Case Report.
Depression is a debilitating disorder, and at least one third of patients do not respond to therapy. Associations between gut microbiota and depression have been observed in recent years, opening novel treatment avenues. Here, we present the first two patients with major depressive disorder ever treated with fecal microbiota transplantation as add-on therapy. Both improved their depressive symptoms 4 weeks after the transplantation. Effects lasted up to 8 weeks in one patient. Gastrointestinal symptoms, constipation in particular, were reflected in microbiome changes and improved in one patient. This report suggests further FMT studies in depression could be worth pursuing and adds to awareness as well as safety assurance, both crucial in determining the potential of FMT in depression treatment.