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Page 164 of 547-
When glia meet induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
The importance of glial cells, mainly astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia, in the central nervous system (CNS) has been increasingly appreciated. Recent advances have demonstrated the diversity of glial cells and their contribution to human CNS development, normal CNS functions, and disease progression. The uniqueness of human glial cells is also supported by multiple lines of evidence. With the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and the progress of generating glial cells from human iPSCs, there are numerous studies to model CNS diseases using human iPSC-derived glial cells. Here we summarize the basic characteristics of glial cells, with the focus on their classical functions, heterogeneity, and uniqueness in human species. We further review the findings from recent studies that use iPSC-derived glial cells for CNS disease modeling. We conclude with promises and future directions of using iPSC-derived glial cells for CNS disease modeling.
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Are infections seeding some cases of Alzheimer's disease?
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Stem cell-derived in vitro models of human cerebellar development.
Understanding human cerebellar development and pathology remains challenging due to its complexity, unique protracted developmental timeline, and notable species-specific differences. Advances in human stem cell technologies have opened new windows of opportunity for exploring these processes through improved in vitro models, providing insights into human-specific mechanisms that traditional animal models may fail to recapitulate. Here, we review recent advancements in modelling physiological and pathological processes of human cerebellar development. We first outline key features of cerebellar development with an emphasis on human-specific aspects. We then systematically summarize and evaluate various strategies for generating human stem cell-derived cerebellar models in vitro, starting with foundational studies using mouse embryonic stem cells, followed by methods using human pluripotent stem cells to generate cerebellar cells in two-dimensional cultures and three-dimensional cerebellar organoids. Subsequently, we review the application of these models to study cerebellar diseases, highlighting translational opportunities and critical challenges that remain.
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[Crinophagy in the hypophyseal cells of rats. An enzyme cytochemistry and immunocytochemistry study].
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Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the ependymal lining of the third ventricle.
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Some new pathological findings in the central myelinated axon.
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Immunoelectron microscopic localization of corticotropin-releasing factor in the rat hypothalamus.
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Ultracytochemical identification of catecholamine-containing vesicles in the ligated sciatic nerve of the rat. Comparison with sympathetic nerve terminals.
Using the fixation procedure of Tranzer, three kinds of granular vesicles were identified in certain unmyelinated fibres of rat sciatic nerves proximal to a ligature: (1) small vesicles (SGV:30-60 nm in diameter), (2) large vesicles (LGV:60-100 nm in diameter), and (3) large elongated vesicles (LEV:60-100 nm in diameter). A comparative study concerning the distribution of these granular vesicles was carried out using a cytopharmacological method (reserpine) and employing different fixatives (aldehydes + OSO4, or OSO4 alone) in periarterial nerve plexus of the femoral artery, vas deferens and the pineal organ. Use of Tranzer's method allows preservation in almost all granular vesicles of a strongly electron-dense core, while with the other fixatives mainly small, eccentric dense cores occur in the vesicles. Two main features were observed in ligated sciatic nerves: (i) a clear increase in the number of LGV, and (ii) the presence of LEV, considered as a variety of LGV rather than a new population of granular vesicles. Reserpine caused the cores of SGV to disappear almost completely, while LGV and LEV remained only partly depleted. The original method combining Tranzer's fixation procedure with radioautography revealed radioautographic labelling only in the unmyelinated fibres of ligated sciatic nerves and mainly superimposed over SGV, LGV and LEV. It is suggested that (i) SGV, LGV and also LEV represent possible storage sites of catecholamines, and (ii) a local morphogenesis of SGV from the large vesicles occurs in ligated sympathetic nerve fibres.
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Serotoninergic axon terminals in the rat dorsal accessory olive: normal ultrastructure and light microscopic demonstration of regeneration after 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine lesioning.
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Cholinergic stimulation of phospholipid labelling from (32P) orthophosphate in guinea-pig cortex synaptosomes in vitro: subsynaptosomal localization.